A basic element of GSHAP is the regional organization of this global project. Ten GSHAP Regions were etablished. The GSHAP Region 3, with the Regional Centre at the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, covers central, north and northwest Europe (Fig. 1). It is defined as the area north of 46° N and west of 32° E (Grünthal et al., 1995a). What complicated the work is the fact that 29 different countries, or parts of them, belong to the study area. The sometimes conflicting interests of the responsibilities of these countries with their specifics had to be considered. Moreover, there exists a large number of national seismicity data files of quite different style, quality and availability, which often show considerable overlap with neighbouring territories.
 
 

Several previous probabilistic seismic hazard assessments have been made in the study area of GSHAP Region 3, mostly on a national level (cf. selected contributions in McGuire, 1993). One of the first European approaches was made for Switzerland by Sägesser and Mayer-Rosa (1978). Other published national seismic hazard maps include, in selection, Germany (Ahorner and Rosenhauer, 1986, 1993, Grünthal, 1989, 1991, Grünthal and Bosse, 1996), The Netherlands (de Crook, 1993, 1996), France (Bottard and Ferrieux, 1992, Bottard and Gariel, 1995, Dominique et. al., 1998), Austria (Lenhardt, 1995) and the Czech Republic (Schenk et al., 1997a). Almost all of these studies, with applications in the civil engineering practice, were carried out for the intensity as shaking parameter.
 
 

Although GSHAP is aiming at producing regionally coordinated, harmonized seismic hazard maps to overcome border problems which were obvious in previous approaches, this project does not intend to replace national and local studies. Instead, the results from several such studies have been included in the now published GSHAP map. The contribution of GSHAP Region 3 so far has been to increase of the awereness of seismic hazard, to provide homogeneous techniques to promote future more detailed studies and to avoid possible resulting border problems.
 
 

The GSHAP activities in Europe coincide with those devoted to the preparation of seismic zoning for the National Application Documents (NAD) of the Eurocode 8. Although the Global Seismic Hazard Program was not coordinated with the Eurocode 8 activities, the now existing regional GSHAP seismic hazard maps support the process of harmonizing the engineering seismological basis of different NAD´s.
 
 

To simplify the coordination of the activities in the GSHAP Region 3, four overlapping sub-study areas were established during the first workshop at the Potsdam Centre in July 1993:

(1) The D-A-CH study area, covering Germany (D), Austria (A) and Switzerland (CH). This served as a test area to derive suitable procedures for the different steps of data preprocessing, which should be uniformly applicable to the whole GSHAP Region 3.

(2) Fennoscandia.

(3) Northwestern Europe, i.e., the area west of the D-A-CH countries.

(4) Eastern central Europe, including the Baltic Republics and the area east of the D-A-CH countries.
 
 

The progress of activities of the GSHAP Region 3 Centre is documented in reports given at the ESC General Assembly in Athens 1994 (Grünthal et al., 1995a), IUGG meeting in Boulder, 1995 (Grünthal et al., 1995b), ESC General Assembly in Reykjavik, 1996 (Grünthal et al., 1996), IASPEI meeting in Thessaloniki, 1997 (Grünthal, 1997) and ESC General Assembly in Tel Aviv, 1998 (Grünthal and Giardini, 1998). Peak ground acceleration hazard maps for the whole GSHAP Region 3 were presented for the first time at the 1997 meeting and the harmonized results for Europe, the Middle East and continental Africa at the 1998 meeting.
 
 

At a late stage of the project it has been agreed within the GSHAP Region 3 Working Group to present, in the final seismic hazard map, the results obtained by different sub-groups (cf. the respective reports of this volume), e.g., for Fennoscandia by the Nordic group (Bungum and Lindholm, 1997, Lindholm et al., 1997) and for Slovakia, Poland and the Czech Republic by Schenk et al. (1997b). For Iceland it has been agreed to show an updated version of the national seismic hazard map (BSTR, FRV og Rb, 1995).
 
 

In the easterly parts of the GSHAP Region 3, the seismic hazard data for western Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belorussia, Ukraine and Moldavia were adopted from the GSHAP Centre 7, covering northern and central Asia (Ulomov, 1997). In the adjacent areas to the south, for Italy the seismic hazard data were directly incorporated from the Adria region (Slejko et al, 1999), for Slovenia a national map was provided by Zabukovec (1998) and for Romania the data were part of a special project covering large parts of the Balkans (cf. Musson, 1999). The seismic hazard assessments carried out at the GSHAP Regional Centre in Potsdam were, in agreement with the national partners, extended to cover also southern France down to the Pyrenees, although this area is located south of the GSHAP Region 3.
 
 

The scattered seismic activity in western France and Great Britian is not well understood and is yet hard to relate to known neotectonic elements (Musson, 1997). The seismic activity of Fennoscandia, with concentration mainly in some coastal regions of Norway and Sweden, has been interpreted partly as a result of deglaciation, partly may have tectonic origin, i.e., push from the Mid Atlantic ridge (e.g., see Wahlström, 1993). In the northwestern part of the GSHAP Region 3, the Mid-Atlantic ridge zone crossing Iceland creates a narrow belt of relatively high seismic activity. On the contrary, nearly aseismic areas are represented by Ireland, the North German basin and the East European platform, i.e., the area northeast of the mountainous parts surrounding the Pannonian basin and the Bohemian massif.
 
 

In the absence of a homogenized earthquake catalogue for the GSHAP Region 3, based on uniformely treated original data, a seismicity working-file was compiled from available but in several cases confidential sources. The geographical borders of this working-file are extended by at least 2 degrees compared to the defined area subject to the seismic hazard calculations.The creation of this working-file was to some extent carried out as a joint venture between the GSHAP Regional Centre 3 and the CEC project "Basic European Earthquake Catalogue and Database for the evaluation of longterm seismicity and seismic hazard (BEECD)" (Stucchi, 1998). The working-file, based on the current and most complete versions of national catalogues, is produced by cautiously merging all input catalogues into a single file without eliminating individual entries. When different catalogues have different interpretations of an event, the highest priority was generally given to the catalogue of the country where the event occurred.
 
 

The seismicity working-file was created on the basis of, in most cases, current versions of national earthquake catalogues: Austria (Lenhardt, 1996), Belgium (Verbeiren et al., 1994), the Czech Republic (Schenková, 1993), Croatia (_iv_i_, 1994), Denmark (Gregersen, 1995), Fennoscandia (Ahjos and Uski, 1994; Earthquakes in Northern Europe, 1997), France (Lambert et al., 1996), Germany (Leydecker, 1986; Grünthal, 1988), Iceland (Halldorsson, 1997), Hungary (Zsíros et al., 1994), Italy (Camassi and Stucchi, 1997), The Netherlands (Houtgast, 1993, 1995), Poland (Guterch, 1995), Slovakia (Labák, 1998), Slovenia (_iv_i_, 1993; Ribari_, 1982), (former) Soviet Union (Kondorskaya and Shebalin, 1977; Nikonov, 1992; Nikonov and Sildvee, 1991; Boborikin et al., 1993), Switzerland (Mayer-Rosa and Baer, 1993; Rüttener, 1995), United Kingdom (Musson, 1994). For the Mid Atlantic ridge zone the ISC seismicity data file (1996) was used. Some of the national catalogues represent new, improved but confidential data and were made available exlusively for the Regional Centre 3 for the purpose of GSHAP for the purpose of GSHAP.
 
 

As the first step, the seismicity data for the GSHAP Region 3 were homogenized with respect to the epicentral or maximum intensity. The reason is that within the long earthquake history in the study area, up to one millennium, the vast majority of the events with essential importance for hazard assessment is primarily known only by intensity.
 
 

In the following steps, a homogeneous moment magnitude, M_w, based working-file for the whole study area was developed. Reliable data on isoseismal areas, A, are available for a minority of the felt earthquakes. Based on carefully selected data of A and the seismic moment, M₀, a set of empirical relations was established, e.g., the following for intensity III:

For most of the events empirical relations based on epicentral intensity, I₀, and focal depth, h, had to be applied to get M_W or M₀. Attempts to create a relation for a direct conversion failed due to very large scatter. To minimize the bias in the conversion of I₀ and h into M_w it was necessary to use an intermediate conversion into the local magnitude, M_L, and to treat different national catalogues separately. In such a way empirical relations between M_L, I₀ and h were created for the different national catalogues. In the next step, a conversion relation was developed from carefully selected, independently determined M₀ and M_L data from the GSHAP Region 3:
 
 

It has to be stressed that the delineations shown in Fig. 3 represent the superficial projections of the most shallow source zones. In several areas with a distinct layering of seismicity or with pronounced deeper events, a detailed delineation of source zones was extended into depth. Furthermore for technical reasons several regions with a complicated shape where split into different subregions with unique ? and area specific v. In total 285 "technical" seismic source zones have been used for the computation. They represent 196 seismic source zones.
 
 

It would be beyond the scope of this contribution to describe all the tectonic background for the constructed source zones in detail. The most prominent features are the sequence of zones delineating the Upper Rhein area, the Middle Rhine area and the Lower Rhine embayment, the Mur-Mürz zone in eastern Austria, the belt of seismic zones surrounding the Pannonian basin and the Bohemian massif, the North Sea graben and its northern prolongation as the Viking graben, and the Tornquist-Teisseyre zone forming the boundary between the East European platform and the Baltic shield.
 
 

Elimination of foreshocks and aftershocks

The seismicity data file was made Poissonian by tagging the main shocks and applying simultaneously a distance-window and two time-windows for eliminating foreshocks and aftershocks. The window parameters, derived from earthquake sequences in central Europe (Grünthal, 1985), are dependent on the main shock magnitudes and are similar to those derived for California by Gardener and Knopoff (1974).
 
 

Data completeness with time

The data completeness was studied for 12 gross regions defined according to geographical and cultural-historical aspects which obviously influenced the data compilation. The completeness with time has been analyzed with different methods, the simplest based on a graphical test assuming that a constant gradient for the cumulative number of events vs. time denotes a homogeneous detection level (cf. Grünthal et al., 1998). The completeness test was performed for M_L in half magnitude classes.
 
 

Parameters of the magnitude - frequency relation

The parameters of the magnitude-frequency relation were determined for each source region by a least squares fit. In the case of poor data, the fit was performed for a larger area enclosing also adjacent source regions with similar tectonic characteristics. From the obtained b-values, the seismicity rate, v, was then calculated separately for the source region in such cases.
 
 

Characteristic focal depth

The characteristic focal depth was assessed, for each seismic source zone, as the mean of the dephts of the three to five strongest events in the zone. Where this procedure was not applicable, default values representative for larger surroundings were used. The characteristic focal depth varies in the range 4-22 km, except for the Vrançea area (Romania) and Fennoscandia. Several source zones required special consideration and different depth horizons, i.e., source zones at different depths, were introduced, e.g., in the Vrançea area with its intermediate depth earthquakes and the Hainaut zone in Belgium characterized by both shallow and deeper crustal events. For Fennoscandia, different weights were assigned to different focal depths.
 
 

Upper bound earthquake magnitudes

The assigned upper bound magnitude for each source zone was chosen to be well above the largest historically observed magnitude in that zone. The assignments were made from various criteria such as earthquake catalogue data, seismotectonics and paleoseismological data. They follow in general the conclusions for intraplate seismicity in Coppersmith (1994) that in areas of non-extended continental crust the maximum observed magnitudes are in the range of 6.3±0.5 (M_S mean value and standard deviation) and in areas of extended continental crust 6.4±0.8. Higher values have to be expected along the interplate Alpine belt and the Vrançea area, where magnitude 7.7 earthquakes are generated by a downward sinking slab of oceanic crust representing the final stage of subduction (Wenzel et al., 1999). The smallest upper bound magnitudes are set at 6 in accordance with Frankel (1996).
 
 

(1) The Fennoscandian shield, where the GSHAP group of the Nordic countries assigned equal weight to each of five pga-attenuation relations: Ambraseys et al. (1996), Atkinson and Boore (1997), NORSAR and Risk Engineering, Inc. (1991), Spudich et al. (1997) and Toro et al. (1997).

(2) The Vrançea area, with strong intermediate depth earthquakes influencing large parts of the northeastern Balkans, for which special attenuation relations were derived (Lungu et al., 1999).

(3) The remaining part of the GSHAP Region 3, covering quite different tectonic units, where equal weight was assigned to each of the pga-attenuation relations by Ambraseys et al. (1996), Sabetta and Pugliese (1996) and Spudich et al. (1997). While Spudich et al. (1997) is focused on normal-faulting events, which are dominating in large parts of this sub-area, e.g., in the lower Rhine embayment, the other two relations were derived from entirely European strong motion data. The three relations show good agreement over the whole magnitude range.
 
 

6. Seismic hazard calculation and the resulting seismic hazard map
 
 

One of the main goals of GSHAP was to produce a homogeneous seismic hazard map for horizontal peak ground acceleration representative for stiff site conditions, for the probability level of an occurrence or exceedance of 10% within 50 years. Different computer programs were used in the calculations. Test calculations have shown that the code SEISRISK III (Bender and Perkins, 1987) as well as the classical EQRISK (McGuire, 1976) give almost identical results. Since rather complicated geometrical shapes of seismic source zones had to be handled, numerical problems occurred in the application of SEISRISK III. Therefore, preference was given to the EQRISK code. Additionally, the code FRISK88M (Risk Engineering, Inc., 1996) was made available for the GSHAP Regional Centre for a limited time. Mean hazard values obtained from FRISK88M and EQRISK, respectively, are very similar. FRISK88M has a logic tree structure facilitating the calculation of fractile hazard values. Mean and median hazard values differ, especially at low hazard levels. For shorter return periods, such as the one specified by GSHAP, the mean hazard often falls in the range of the 60-70% fractiles.
 
 

The hazard calculations were performed for a grid of points with a spacing of 0.1° in latitude, 0.1° in longitude except in northern Europe with 0.5° in latitude and 1.0° in longitude for a total of 59217 points. The final GSHAP Region 3 seismic hazard map is presented as Fig. 4. It does not include only the results from the above described approach carried out at the GSHAP Centre in Potsdam, since it was agreed or desired to incorporate also several regional results into the final map. These are:

(1) For Iceland the national map calculated for a slightly different hazard level of 2×10^-3 p.a. The map was compiled for a working group on the new building code nominated by the Icelandic Standardization Council (P. Halldorsson, 1997). It is an improved version of the maps prepared for the National Application Document for the Eurocode 8 (BSTR, FRV og Rb, 1995).

(2) For Fennoscandia the almost identical local results of the Nordic GSHAP group (Bungum and Lindholm, 1997, Lindholm et al., 1997).

(3) For the East European platform, covering the most easterly part of the GSHAP Region 3, the results from the GSHAP Regional Centre 7 in Moscow (Ulomov, 1999). This region is almost aseismic, except for minor activity in Moldavia, southwest Ukraine and the most northwesterly part of Russia. The original intensity data were transformed to pga data using an empirical relation.

(4) For Romania the results of Musson (1999). They show slightly increased pga values compared to those derived at the Potsdam GSHAP Centre.

(5) For the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia the calculations by Schenk et al. (1997b), upon request.

(6) For the small parts of Italy (in the northeast) and Slovenia (in the north) which belong to the GSHAP Region 3 study area, the results of Slejko et al., 1998 and Zabukovec (1998), respectively.
 
 

For Ukraine, Moldavia and Romania minor adjustments were performed in the border regions. The highest seismic hazard shown in Fig. 4 is found in Romania, with the Vrançea area, and Iceland, at the active plate boundary. Areas characterized by moderate seismic hazard (pga-values greater than 1.6 m/s² for the given hazard level) are northeastern Italy (Friuli), the Wallis in southern Switzerland, a part of the Swabian Alb (Hohenzollerngraben) in southwestern Germany and local areas in western and southwestern Slovakia. A moderate to low seismic hazard level is represented in most parts of the Alps, the Mur-Mürz zone in Austria, the circum-Pannonian belt, parts of Hungary, southwestern Germany, the German-Belgian border region of the lower Rhine embayment and coastal regions of Norway.
 
 

The continuation of the seismic hazard map south of GSHAP Region 3 is presented in a report for Europe, Africa and the Middle East (Grünthal, 1999).
 
 

7. References
 
 

7.1 Catalogues

Ahjos T. and M. Uski (1994): Earthquakes in Northern Europe, Tectonophysics207, 285-295, 1992, updated computer file 1994.

Boborikin, A. M., R. G. Garezky, A. P. Emelyanow, H.H. Sildvee and P. I. Suveysdis (1993): Zemlyetryaseniya Byelarusi i Pribaltiki, Sovremennoye sostoyaniye seismitsheskich nablyudenii i ich obobshtshenii. Akademiya Nauk Belarusi, Minsk.

Camassi, R. and M. Stucchi (eds.) (1997): NT4.1: Un catalogo parametrico di terremoti di area italiana al di sopra della soglia di danno (versione 4.1.1), Milano, 93 pp.

Earthquakes in Northern Europe (1997): (continuously updated computer file), Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki.

Gregersen, S. (1995): Earthquake catalogue for Denmark, unpublished computer file.

Grünthal, G. (1988): Erbebenkatalog des Territoriums der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik und angrenzender Gebiete von 823 bis 1984, Zentralinst. für Physik der Erde, 99, 177pp incl. updates up to 1991.

Guterch, B. (1995): Earthquake catalogue of Poland, unpublished computer file.

Halldorsson, P. (1997): Earthquake catalogue of Iceland, unpublished computer file.

Houtgast, G. (1993): Aardbevingen in Nederland, Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, De Bilt, KNMI 179, 1990, updated computer file 1993.

Houtgast, G. (1995): Earthquake catalogue of the Netherlands, unpublished computer file.

ISC seismicity data file (1996): ISC catalogues 1964-1994, CD, International Seismological Centre, Berkshire, U.K.

Kondorskaya, N. W. and N. W. Shebalin (1977): Nowyj katalog silnych semljetrjasenij na territorii SSSR s drewnejshich wremen do 1975g, Akademija Nauk SSSR, Mezhduwedomstwjennyj Sowjet po Seismologii i Seismostoikomu Stroitjelstwu pri presidiume an SSSR, Moskow.

Labák, P. (1998): Slovak earthquake catalogue (period: 1957-1980), unpublished computer file.

Lambert, J., A. Levret-Albaret, M. Cushing and Ch. Durouchoux (1996): Mille ans de séismes en France, Catalogue d`épicentres paramètres et référrences, Ouest Éditions, Press Académiques, preliminary computer file 1995.

Lenhardt, W. A. (1996): Austrian earthquake data file (1201-1993), Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Vienna, unpublished computer files, 1993, updated 1995 and 1996.

Leydecker, G. (1986): Erdbebenkatalog für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit Randgebieten für die Jahre 1000 - 1981, Geolog. Jahrbuch Reihe E, 36, 83pp, updated computer file 1993.

Mayer-Rosa D. and M. Baer (1993): Earthquake catalogue of Switzerland 1295-1992, Schweizerischer Erdbebendienst, ETH Zürich, unpublished computer file.

Musson, R. M. W. (1994): A catalogue of British Earthquakes, British Geological Survey, Technical Report WL/94/04, Seismology series.

Nikonov, A. A. (1992). Distribution of maximum observed tremors and zones of possible occurrence of earthquakes in Estonia, Isvestya, Earth Physics, 28/5.

Nikonov, A. A. and H. Sildvee (1991): Historical earthquakes in Estonia and their seismotectonic position, Geophysica, 27/1-2, 79-93.

Ribaric, V. (1982): Earthquake catalogue of Slovenia (792-1981), Seismological Institute, Ljubljana, SZ SRS Publication, 650pp.

Rüttener, E. (1995): Earthquake hazard evaluation for Switzerland, Matériaux pour la Géologie de la Suisse, Geophysique, 29, Schweizerischer Erdbebendienst.

Schenková, Z. (1993): Earthquake catalogue of the Czech Republic (841-1984), unpublished computer file.

Stucchi, M. (project leader) (1998): A basic European earthquake catalogue and a database for the evaluation of long-term seismicity and seismic hazard. Enviroment /II EC project 95/02 - 97/12, final report, Milan.

Verbeiren R., Th. Camelbeeck and P. Alexandre (1994): Earthquake catalogue of Belgium, unpublished computer file.

Civcic .M. (1993): Earthquake catalogue of Croatia, Ljubljana, unpublished computer file.

Civcic, .M. (1994): Earthquake catalog of Croatia and adjacent regions, Archives of the Andrija Mohorovi_i_ Geophysical Institute, Zagreb - Croatia, unpublished computer file.

Zsíros, T., P. Monus and L. Toth (1994): Hungarian earthquake catalogue (456-1986), Budapest, 182 pp. 1988, unpublished computer file 1994.
 
 

7.2 Literature
 
 

Ahorner, L. and W. Rosenhauer (1986): Regionale Erdbebengefährdung, in: Realistische seismische Lastannahmen für Bauwerke, Kap. 9, Abschlußbericht an das Institut für Bautechnik Berlin, Frankfurt, Bensberg, Stuttgart.

Ahorner, L. and W. Rosenhauer (1993): Seismische Risikoanalyse, Bestandsaufnahme des Erdbebenwissens, DGEB-Publikation Nr. 6, 177-190.

Ambraseys, N. N., K. A. Simpson, and J. J. Bommer (1996): Prediction of horizontal response spectra in Europe, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamic, 25, 371-400.

Atkinson, G. M. and D. M. Boore (1997): Some comparisons between recent ground-motion relations, Seismol. Res. Lett., 68/1, 371-400.

Autran, A., J. L. Blès, Ph. Combes, M. Cushing, P.Dominique, Ch. Durouchoux, J.Gariel, X. Goula, B. Mohammadioun and M. Terrier (1998): Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment in France: Part one: Seismotectonic zonation, Proc. 11th Europ. Conf. on Eartquake Engineering, CD, Paris, Sept. 1998.

Bender, B. and D. M. Perkins (1987): SEISRISK III: A computer program for seismic hazard estimation, USGS Bulletin 1772.

Bottard, S. and H. Ferrieux (1992): A probabilistic assessment of seismic hazard in France, Proc. 10th World Conf. of Earthquake Engineering, Madrid, July 19-24, 471-476.

Bottard, S. and J.-C. Gariel (1995): Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment in France, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Seismic Zonation, Nice, France, Oct. 17-19, 1995, I, 326-333.

BSTR, FRV og Rb (1995): Mat á jarðskjálftaáhættu á Íslandi, Gerð hröðunarkorts vegna EC-8 (ENV 1998), Orkustofnun Bókasaf.

Bungum, H. and C. Lindholm (1997): Seismic zonation for Fennoscandia; Preliminary results, Abstracts of the 29th General Assembly of the Internat. Assoc. of Seismol. and Phys. of the Earth's Interior, Thessaloniki, Greece, Aug. 18-28, 306.

Coppersmith, K. J. (1994): Conclusions regarding maximum earthquake assessment, The earthquakes of stable continental regions, 1: Assessment of large earthquake potential. Electric Power Research Institute, Report TR-102261-V1, 1.: a, 6-1 - 6-24.

de Crook, Th. (1993): Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for The Netherlands, Geologie en Mijnbouw, 72, 1-13.

de Crook, Th. (1996): A seismic zoning map conforming to Eurocode 8, and practical earthquake parameter relations for the Netherlands, Geologie en Mijnbouw, 75, 11-18.

Dominique, P., A. Autran, J. L. Blès, D. Fitzenz, F. Samarcq, M. Terrier, M. Cushing, J. C. Gariel, B. Mohammadioun, Ph. Combes, Ch. Durouchoux and X. Goula (1998): Part two: Probabilistic approach: Seismic hazard map of the national territory (France), Proc. 11th Europ. Conf. on Eartquake Engineering, CD, Paris, Sept. 1998.

Frankel, A. (1996): Mapping seismic hazard in the Central and Eastern United States, Seismol. Res. Lett., 66/4, 8-21.

Gardener, J. K. and l. Knopoff (1974): Is the sequence of earthquakes in Southern California, with aftershocks removed, Poissonean?, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 64, 1363-1367.

Giardini, D. and P. Basham (1993): The Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP), Ann. di Geofisica, 36, 3-14.

Grünthal, G. (1985): The up-dated earthquake catalogue for the German Democratic Republic and adjacent areas - Statistical data characteristics and conclusions for Hazard assessment, Proc. 3rd International Symp. on the Analysis of Seismicity and Seismic Risk, Liblice Castle, Czechoslovakia, June 17-22, 19-25.

Grünthal, G. (1989): A method for seismic hazard assessment based on digitized macroseismic maps - applied on the GDR data base, Proc. 4th Internat. Symp. on the Analysis of Seismicity and Seismic Risk, conference volume, Sept., 18-19, Prague.

Grünthal, G. (1991): A new probabilistic seismic zoning procedure - based on digitized macroseismic maps, Annales Geophysicae, Suppl. to Vol. 9, C87.

Grünthal, G. (1997): Seismic Hazard Assessments in Central and Northern Europe - Review of Activities of the GSHAP-Regional Center 3, Proc. IASPEI 1997 Workshop, 17, Aug. 18-28, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Grünthal, G. (1999): Compilation of the GSHAP seismic hazard maps for Europe, Africa and the Middle East, this volume.

Grünthal, G. and Ch. Bosse (1996): Probabilistische Karte der Erdbebengefährdung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland - Erdbebenzonierungskarte für das Nationale Anwendungsdokument zum Eurocode 8. Forschungsbericht, STR 96/10, GFZ Potsdam.

Grünthal, G. and D. Giardini (1998): A new preliminary GSHAP map for the ESC Region, XXVI General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission (ESC), Tel Aviv, Israel, Aug 27.

Grünthal, G., Ch. Bosse, D. Mayer-Rosa, E. Rüttener, W. Lenhardt and P. Melichar (1995a): Across-boundaries seismic hazard maps in the GSHAP-Region 3 - case study for Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, Proc. XXIV General Assembly, European Seismological Commission, 19-24 Sept. 1994, Athens, III, 1542-1548.

Grünthal, G., D. Mayer-Rosa and W. Lenhardt (1995b): Joint strategy for seismic hazard assessment; application for Austria, Germany and Switzerland, Proc. XXI General Assembly IUGG, Boulder (Co.), USA, 1995.

Grünthal, G., Ch. Bosse, R.M.W. Musson, J.-Ch. Gariel, Th. de Crook, R. Verbeiren, R. Camelbeek, D. Mayer-Rosa and W. Lenhardt (1996): Joint seismic hazard assessment for the central and western part of GSHAP-Region 3 (central and northwest Europe), Thorkelsson, B. (Ed.), Seismology in Europe, Papers presented at the XXV ESC General Assembly, Reykjavik/Iceland, Sept. 9-14, 339-342.

Grünthal, G., D. Mayer-Rosa and W. A. Lenhardt (1998): Abschätzung der Erdbebengefährdung für die D-A-CH-Staaten - Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz, Bautechnik, 10, 753-767.

Hanks, T. C. and H. Kanamori (1979): A moment magnitude scale, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2348-2350.

Johnston, C. (1994): The stable continental region earthquake database, in The earthquakes of stable continental regions, 1, Assessment of large earthquake potential. Electric Power Research Institute, Report TR-102261-V1, 1.: a, 3-1 - 3-80.

Lenhardt, W.A. (1995): Regional earthquake hazard in Austria, Proc. 10th Europ. Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, G. Duma, (ed.), 1, 63-68, Balkema.

Lindholm, C., H. Bungum, A. Dahle, K. Atakan, R. Wahlström, S. Gregersen, P. Mäntyniemi, M. Uski and G. Grünthal (1997): Seismic zonation for Scandinavia; A GSHAP project, preliminary manuscript.

Lungu, D., T. Cornea and C. Nedelcu (1999): Hazard assessment and site-dependent response for Vrancea earthquakes, in Wenzel, F. D. Lungu (eds.) and O. Novak, Vrancea earthquakes: Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 251-267.

McGuire, R. K. (1976): FORTRAN computer program for seismic risk analysi,. U. S. Geological Survey: Open-File Report 76-67.

McGuire, R. K. (ed.) (1993): The Practice of Earthquake Hazard Assessment, Int. Assoc. of Seismology and Phys. of the Earth's Interior.

Musson, R. M. W. (1997): Seismic hazard studies in the U.K.: Source specification problems of intraplate seismicity, Natural Hazards, 15, 105-119.

Musson, R. M. W. (1999): Generalized seismic hazard maps for the Pannonian Basin using probabilistic methods, Annali di Geofisica, this volume.

NORSAR and Risk Engineering, Inc. (1991): Ground motions from earthquakes on the Norwegian continental shelf, Summary Report for OK, Stavanger, Norway, 21 pp. + Appendices.

Risk Engineering, Inc. (1996): FRISK88M, User’s manual, Boulder, Colorado.

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Figure captions
 
 

Fig. 1